Chinese Attitudes About Death Essays - Death Customs,

Media Violence: Effects on Youth

Media Violence: Is It Corrupting Our Youth? Since the time the Columbine slaughter, there has been numerous individuals who accuse computer games for viciousness among our childhood. In the previous barely any years, it has gotten typical for all parts of media to delineate savagery as an ordinary thing. Since a greater part of youngsters stare at the TV or play computer games, it is no big surprise that grown-ups attempt to make the association between the two. In spite of the fact that the media can have an effect on kids, there are additionally a large number of financial components associated with a child’s conduct. This is the issue our general public faces since certain individuals state the media can impact your mind, point of view, and by and large conduct, however so do your companions, so do your folks, so do your educators do as well, books. The genuine inquiry is who is at fault? Films, music, network shows, computer games, none of these things really cause individuals to carry out wrongdoings. Savagery in the media and this present reality ascend in viciousness among kids isn't a reason yet only a happenstance. An individual is a collection of their genuine encounters. Kids don't transform into a crazed neurotic in the wake of playing a PC game or seeing a film with savagery. The most straightforward spot to acquire a psyche for savagery is from a home setting. Grown-ups need to locate an outside hotspot for the development in viciousness among youngsters as opposed to assuming the accuse direct. It is the guardians, those really answerable for this debasement, who attempt to propose in any case and carelessness with respect to the individuals who try to locate an alternate reason. Grown-ups appear to direct away from the inexorably verified certainty that our entire American culture is doing this to its more youthful age, and not simply the media. To demonstrate this, news reports after the Columbine slaughter in which two upset adolescents go on a dangerous frenzy, credit the children activities to a fierce game called â€Å"DOOM†. The media isn't the issue, since children will act brutal in any case. This catastrophe was an aftereffect of a blend of awful companions, terrible home life, and the fellowship of two individuals who had outrage issues. The guardians would have based their activities off of something different in the event that they didn't have games like â€Å"DOOM† to keep away from investigation. Commonly kids have upheavals of odd or risky conduct that they realize will get them in a difficult situation, however as opposed to assuming the fault, they ascribe it to some other source, in spite of the fact that for this situation, it is the guardians and news media who do this. A case of this sort of conduct is the conditions encompassing the popular Salem black magic preliminaries, where little youngsters depended on accusing their unholy activities exclusively for someone else or the fiend. Nowadays, the â€Å"devil caused me to do it† and â€Å"witchcraft† pardon has lost its validity. Presently individuals need to discover another thing to assume the fault and what simpler objective than a rough videogame. It was not DOOM that caused these children to do what they did, however a psychological insecurity, an affinity for brutal conduct, and other mental variables that did. Without a doubt, they can demonstrate their various manslaughters after their preferred computer game or passing metal verse, however at long last, they despite everything murdered individuals since they were intellectually shaky and introverted. I solidly accept a more prominent shortcoming in issues like these lay with the guardians, as they are ones that should instruct their children directly from wrong. Later in the examination, the consideration did at last go to the guardians and what they fouled up, however the awful light that had just been put on those sorts of media has never evaporated. With every one of these kinds of cases, once in a while do we ever know about examinations of how these youngsters were raised or what their surroundings they experienced childhood in resembled. A reason for the ascent in brutality is the fall in collaboration among kids and their folks, which can make mental partition where the youngster doesn't feel significant. This could make kids carry on, for the most part through brutality, to get consideration from the grown-ups. Guardians need to step up their child rearing abilities and do what they have to do, rather than pointing fingers at every other person. On the off chance that these children are grieved, anything can trigger brutality and rowdiness. We have characteristic rationales that create to what is good and bad and what is actuality and what is fiction. One of the key factors in this advancement is the guardians and different grown-ups in the child’s life. Grown-ups are more impacting to kids than TV shows and computer games, so grown-ups should assume liability for how the kid demonstrations. On the off chance that guardians truly accept that rough media is doing this to their children, at that point they should control what the children can and can't be presented to. There are a lot of instances of how not to carry on out there. It is up to every individual and additionally their folks to choose what is and isn't adequate conduct to copy and fill their head with. Toward the day's end, paying little mind to the result, we are answerable for our activities. On the off chance that an individual were to think about savagery in youth here in the United States and viciousness in youth in the remainder of the world, the individual would see that there is pretty much nothing if any relationship among's media and brutality. The individuals bring up the children who degenerate them and not the media. Moral duty has been gradually disintegrated in the course of the most recent twenty years to a point where individuals are not, at this point liable for being very big boned or going on wrongdoing binges and killing individuals. Moral duty isn't just a good and moral basic for society; it is freeing and reinforcing for a person. This sort of accuse moving is at the center of what's up with society today. Individuals need to stand up, assume liability, lastly roll out an improvement.

Healthy Eating Habits in Social Anxiety Disorder

Healthy Eating Habits in Social Anxiety Disorder Social Anxiety Disorder Coping Print Healthy Eating Habits in Social Anxiety Disorder By Arlin Cuncic Arlin Cuncic, MA, is the author of Therapy in Focus: What to Expect from CBT for Social Anxiety Disorder and 7 Weeks to Reduce Anxiety. Learn about our editorial policy Arlin Cuncic Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on August 05, 2016 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on June 24, 2019 Social Anxiety Disorder Overview Symptoms & Diagnosis Causes Treatment Living With In Children Eat healthy foods to combat anxiety. Lew Robertson / Getty Images Healthy eating habits can mean the difference between a day filled with jitters and a day of calm and peace. Below are nine tips for healthy eating to help those with social anxiety disorder (SAD) improve overall wellness, and reduce feelings of anxiety on a daily basis. Eating Better to Reduce Anxiety Eat Small, Regular Meals. When you skip meals, your blood sugar levels drop and you may feel irritable, jittery, and have worsened anxiety. Aim to eat 5 to 6 smaller meals and snacks throughout the day to keep your blood sugar levels from plummeting.Eat Whole Grains/Good Carbohydrates. Replace processed grains (such as white bread and pasta) and simple carbohydrates (such as fruit juices) with complex carbohydrates such as whole grains, fruits, and vegetables. Foods that contain complex carbohydrates, such as brown rice, whole wheat pasta, beans, broccoli, and cabbage take more time for the body to process than simple carbohydrates like sugar, and will lead to fewer ups and downs in serotonin levels in the brain, and may help you feel calmer.Avoid Refined Sugar. Refined sugar, found in sweets, soda pop, and other foods, can affect your bodys metabolism and deplete certain vitamins and minerals. Stay away from obvious sugar sources as well as hidden sugar in packaged and canned foods. Drink Herbal Tea Instead of Coffee. Caffeine can cause an effect similar to the stress response involved in anxiety, so its best when avoided. Caffeine can be found in coffee, tea, soda pop, chocolate, and some medications. Try alternatives such as herbal tea instead of coffee; although it may be hard to give up caffeine at first, in the long run, youll feel better.Limit Alcohol. Alcohol can aggravate feelings of depression (which often coincide with social anxiety) and is best avoided or limited.Take a Multi-Vitamin. Ensure that you receive adequate daily vitamins and minerals by supplementing your diet with a multi-vitamin. Magnesium is a particularly important mineral and can also be found in foods such as nuts (e.g., almonds and cashews), soybeans, and spinach.Watch Artificial Sweetener Consumption. Although it might be tempting to use artificial sweeteners in place of refined sugars, be sure that consumption of these products is not aggravating your social anxiety. If you find yourself feeling particularly anxious after consuming an artificial sweetener, it might be wise to avoid that product.Include Omega-3 Fatty Acids. Increase the consumption of Omega-3 fatty acids by eating nuts, seeds, and cold water fish.Drink Water. Stay hydrated by drinking water throughout the day. Dehydration can lead to lower energy levels which can worsen anxiety. In addition to the above tips, remember to introduce any changes to your diet in a gradual fashion; otherwise, you might find that you quickly return to your old habits. Also be sure to avoid any foods that are known allergens for you, particularly those that worsen your anxiety. Making changes such as those above will help you not only gain control of social anxiety but also improve your general health.

Why News Ownership Affects Free Press And Press Censorship...

The importance of news media ownership has been both a contemporary and historical issue that has had significant effects on the way in which the press operates and influences society. This essay examines why the ownership of the news media is of importance to society. In order to examine this fully the essay will discuss why news ownership affects free press and press censorship, why it can be seen to change the nature of political communication, and why is it is important that it affects the circuit of communication and the ways in which the public receive news. One reason why it matters who owns the news media is that is can be seen to affect the levels of free press within a state, determining therefore how regulated or censored information becomes. The freedom of the press is a factor that is highly influenced by the organisations and public figures that own the news media. Government ownership of the media, particularly authoritarian regimes, can be seen to limit the levels of free press a country has. Barker (2006, p. 5) argues that â€Å"authoritarian regimes regularly try to censor or control the mass media’s provision of vision and information†. His argument therefore suggests that if the state has a strong control of the news media, they are more easily able to alter the information that the public receive. For example in North Korea, newspapers, such as â€Å"the official party mouthpiece Rodong Sinmun, are all owned by the state† (BBC, 2011). This therefore allows theShow MoreRelatedPolitical, Cultural, Econom ic and Legal/Administrative Factors Affecting the Process and Structure of Mass Media in Kenya2764 Words   |  12 Pagesmore widely known as well as providing politicians, interest groups and agents of government with a means of publicity and influence (McQuail, 2005). Politico-economic influences on the media Politico-economic factors that affect media include the idea of media ownership, media market and financial support. The manner in which the media operates is shaped by their owners, market environments and financial support. In this environment, the media manufactures culture content that sustain the systemRead MoreMedia And Politics : A Brief Note On Media Politics2454 Words   |  10 PagesTawhida Rahman Media Politics Midterm 1) There are several landmark U.S. court cases pertaining to the media and free press which changed the laws on behalf of journalists and reporters. One of the earliest cases of such cases was Crown v. John Peter Zenger. In 1734, a news printer named John Peter Zenger of the New York Weekly Journal was arrested for seditious libel against Governor William Cosby when Zenger’s publication criticized the politician for corruption. The charge of libelRead More Terrorism and the Media Essay3629 Words   |  15 Pagesterrifying things have been committed by Christians and Jews (Chomsky 26-28). Syed Soharwardy asserts that â€Å"Media always tried to portray Islam as a religion of terror and all the Muslims as terrorists. The way the talk-show programs and news are produced and presented, it seems that the media has already decided the guilty verdict, regardless what would be the outcome of an investigation† (Soharwardy). So too do members of the Arab American Anti-Discrimination Committee recognize theRead MoreCOM3702 Portfolio10930 Words   |  44 Pagescommunication policy 4 2 1.2 Emerging Communication industry policy 5 2.1.3 Public service media policy 6 2.2 FREEDOM OF MEDIA 7 2.2.1 The need for freedom of expression 7 2.2.2 Threats to it 7 2.2.3 If, how and why such threats can or cannot be motivated 7 3. MEDIA MANAGEMENT AND MEDIA MARKETS 3.1.1 The relationship of competition to concentration 8 2.1.2 The dual nature of the media industry 8 3.1.3 The four forms of concentration 9 Read MoreEssay on Google Inc, in China7565 Words   |  31 Pagesit. I am an avid Google user though, I probably use Google almost every single day, or at least every time I’m on a computer. I am a fan of the company, everything they offer and how they continually innovate. They’re always coming up with something new and interesting that appeals to everyone in the United States, if they’re beginning to expand to China that should be a good thing for them. B. Bracketing. State what you are bracketing:  ¶ I am a satisfied customer of Google and theirRead MoreBusiness Journalism in India26104 Words   |  105 Pages eclipse of the general interest magazines, (5) stagnation of news magazines, scope for special interest magazines. The role of the consumers purchasing power more important than editorial content 8 Magazines during post emergency boom Success of ‘India Today’. How can magazines (5) compete with the challenge posed by TV which now covers sports, celebrities, life style, news and business. How to find out if there is a niche for new magazines. Comment on Travel, Health, Technology and career-guidanceRead MorePropaganda by Edward L Bernays34079 Words   |  137 PagesPROPAGANDA By EDWARD L. BERNAYS 1928 CONTENTS I. II. III. IV. V. VI. VII. VIII. IX. X. XI. ORGANIZING CHAOS .................................................. THE NEW PROPAGANDA ............................................ THE NEW PROPAGANDISTS .... 9 19 32 47 62 THE PSYCHOLOGY OF PUBLIC RELATIONS BUSINESS AND THE PUBLIC .... PROPAGANDA AND POLITICAL LEADERSHIP 92 WOMENS ACTIVITIES AND PROPAGANDA . . . 115 121 135 141 150 PROPAGANDA FOR EDUCATION PROPAGANDA IN SOCIAL SERVICERead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 PagesAutotown, U.S.A. Van Gosse and Richard Moser, eds., The World the Sixties Made: Politics and Culture in Recent America Joanne Meyerowitz, ed., History and September 11th John McMillian and Paul Buhle, eds., The New Left Revisited David M. Scobey, Empire City: The Making and Meaning of the New York City Landscape Gerda Lerner, Fireweed: A Political Autobiography Allida M. Black, ed., Modern American Queer History Eric Sandweiss, St. Louis: The Evolution of an American Urban Landscape Sam WineburgRead MoreEbays Failure in China6789 Words   |  28 Pagesquestions:†© Why,†© How†© and†© Where.†© Those†© questions†© sum†© up†© the†© challenges†© that†© multinational†©companies†©are†©facing,†©nowadays.†© Why†© –†© Is†© it†© the†© right†© timing†© to†© grow†© global,†© are†© the†© competitive†© advantages†© of†© the†© company†© unique†© and†© relevant†© enough†© to†© thrive†© in†© other†© countries†© and†© to†© sustain†© added†© value?†© The†© ADDING†©framework†©is†©a†©management†©tool†©that†©helps†©companies†©to†©answer†©those†©questions†©by†© exposing†©the†©gains†©of†©being†©a†©multinational†©and†©going†©i n†©new†©markets.†©Ã¢â‚¬ ©Read MoreGeorge Orwell23689 Words   |  95 Pageson them, it was simply a preserve of the landed gentry, and the Nonconformist sects only influenced minorities. And yet they have retained a deep tinge of Christian feeling, while almost forgetting the name of Christ. The power-worship which is the new religion of Europe, and which has infected the English intelligentsia, has never touched the common people. They have never caught up with power politics. The ‘realism’ which is preached in Japanese and Italian newspapers would horrify them. One can

Erikson s Theory Of Psychosocial Development - 1317 Words

My Reflection of Erikson Erik Erikson was a developmental psychologist known for his theory of psychosocial development. Unlike other theorists of his time Erikson’s theory focused on human development across the lifespan from birth to late adulthood. Erikson believed that development change occurs throughout our lives in eight distinctive stages that emerge in a fixed pattern and are similar for all people. Erikson argued that each stage presents a crisis or conflict which results in either a positive or negative outcome (Feldman p.16). In this essay I will identify incidents in my own life that demonstrate each stage of development according to Erikson that I have lived through. I will also interview my Aunt Tami, who will share her experiences for the remainder of the stages of Erikson’s development that I have not gone through thus far. Erikson’s first stage of development is the Trust versus Mistrust stage that occurs from birth till 18 months of life. According to Erikson this is the period in which infants develop a sense of trust or mistrust, depending largely on how well their caregivers meet their needs (Feldman p. 187). During this stage of my life I was being taken care of by both Mom and Dad, but primarily by Mom. My Mom was a stay at home parent while my Dad worked. Both my parents went above and beyond to make sure I had everything I needed food, shelter, clothes and most importantly love and affection. Through my positive experience in this stage I developedShow MoreRelatedErikson s Psychosocial Theory And Psychosocial Development1561 Words   |  7 PagesTheories and Theorists Theories are the building blocks of psychology. Theories whether old or new has allowed us to know what we know now. There are many theories in the field of psychology or educational psychology that are important to further understand human behavior. However, this paper will focus on only two theories which are; Erikson’s psychosocial theory and Alfred Adler’s Adlerian theory. Erik Erikson’s psychosocial development has always been a great contribution to the field of psychologyRead MoreErikson s Theory Of Psychosocial Development Essay2534 Words   |  11 PagesErik Erikson is a developmental psychologist that was prominent in 1963 who provided a framework that is used as a basis of understanding adolescent mind’s journey through psychosocial development. Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development is rooted in a belief that social aspects of development hold a greater importance than the physical and biological. Erikson didn’t see an endpoint in his theory, as throughout life a person keeps developing. As such Erikson’s theory has a total of 8 stagesRead MoreErikson s Psychosocial Development Theory Essay1622 Words   |  7 Pagesas well as being looked at through different developmental theories. Many pages in the Individuals and Families, Diverse Perspectives (Holloway, Holloway Witte, 2010) will be used to help relate the primary research to the secondary research of this project. The ways of socializing children will be mentioned as well as the concept of teaching morals and values to children and how it can be explained through different developmental theories. Teaching morals and values to children can be explainedRead MoreErikson s Theory Of Psychosocial Development Essay1691 Words   |  7 PagesPsychosocial Development â€Å"Erik Erickson (1902-1994) was best known for his work on stages of psychosocial development and identity crisis† (Cherry, A Brief Biography of His Remarkable Life, 2016). Erickson was able to gain a clear focus on children and was able to interpret what he was seeing by observing children throughout the life, including events of childhood, adulthood, and old age. Erikson s theory posits that every human being passes through several distinct and qualitatively differentRead MoreErik Erikson s Theory Of Psychosocial Development Essay1177 Words   |  5 Pages Erik Erikson was born in Greman in 1902-1994, American psychoanalyst; known for psychosocial theory of emotional development of human beings. His theory looks at the impact of parents and society on personality development from childhood to adulthood. Erikson believes, each person has to pass through a series of eight stages over there entire life cycle. I will look at the first 3 stages that cover the childhood years. There are set of conflict at each stage, which allows individual to developRead MoreErik Erikson s Theory Of Psychosocial Development884 Words   |  4 PagesErik Erikson Erik Erikson was born June 15, 1902. Erikson is best-known for his famous theory of psychosocial development and the concept of the identity crisis. His theories marked an important shift in thinking on personality; instead of focusing simply on early childhood event, his psychosocial theory looked at how social influences contribute to personality throughout the entire lifespan. Erik Erikson died May 12, 1994 due to prostate cancer. (Erik Erikson, 2015). Stages of Psychosocial DevelopmentRead MoreErik Erikson s Theory Of Psychosocial Development1445 Words   |  6 PagesErik Erikson was an ego psychologists who developed one of the utmost popular and prominent theories of development. While Erikson’s theory was influenced by psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud s work, Erikson s theory centered on psychosocial development rather than psychosexual development. Erik Erikson s theory of psychosocial development is one of the best-known theories of personality in psychology. Much like Sigmund Freud, Erikson believed that personality develops in a series of stages. UnlikeRead MoreErik Erikson s Psychosocial Development Theory1518 Words   |  7 PagesABSTRACT This research paper will show a thorough review of Erik Erikson s Psychosocial Development Theory, specifically the transition from adolescence to adulthood. Psychosocial Development, according to Erik Erikson, is a continuity of crisis throughout our lifespan; these challenges will shape our personality and the way we perceive our surroundings. In addition to this, the different stages mentioned in this Theory complement each other and help us to develop the tools to achieve a sense ofRead MoreErik Erikson s Theory Of Psychosocial Development Essay1366 Words   |  6 PagesAbstract Erik Erikson (1902-1994) provided a new perspective of psychosocial behavior and development while expanding on the works of other theorists. Erikson believed there to be eight stages of psychosocial development which a person transitions through. These stages start at birth and end with old age/death. Erikson’s work is used throughout many outlets of social work. Social workers use this information to help them figure out what is going on with clients and how best to help them. Erikson providesRead MoreErik Erikson s Theory Of Psychosocial Development1818 Words   |  8 Pagesinfluential theories in developmental psychology, which is Erik Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development. It is a very interesting theory, and although it was influenced by Sigmund Freud, it centers more on the social component rather than the psychosexual stand of Freud. According to Erikson, our personal development occurs as we interact daily with others and have new experiences that shape us throughout our lives. This paper will review the eight stages of the psychosocial theory: 1. Trust

Women and Food Security Free Essays

There is a strong link between food security, good nutrition and gender. A gender approach to food security can enable shifts in gender power relations and assure that all people, re-gardless of gender, benefit from, and are em-powered by development policies and practices to improve food security and nutrition. This brief gives an overview on why and how to consider gender aspects in both short-term humanitarian assistance and long-term development coopera-tion that address food security. We will write a custom essay sample on Women and Food Security or any similar topic only for you Order Now Every woman, man and child has the right to ade-quate food. In far too many cases, women and girls are overrepresented among those who are food-insecure, partly because women often are denied basic human rights such as the right to own property, to find decent work, and to have an education and good health. People’s overall access to food relies to a great extent on the work of rural women. Women comprise, in average, 43 percent of the agricultural labour force in developing countries.1 Hence, securing women’s human rights is a key strategy in assuring food security for all. Women are involved in a variety of agricultural operations such as crops, livestock and fish farming. They produce food and cash crops at subsistence and commercial levels. At community level women undertake a range of activities that support natural resource management and agricultur-al development, such as soil and water conservation, afforestation and crop domestication. Women often have 1 FAO 2011 (see references under â€Å"Further reading†). unique perspectives on, as well as understanding of local biodiversity importance for the development of adapted and improved varieties. Also for dietary diversity women have a decisive role. Poor households headed by women often succeed in providing more nutritional food for their children than those headed by men. There is a strong correlation between a higher level of gender equality and lower level of child mortality. Cultural traditions and social structures often mean that women are more affect-ed by hunger and poverty than men even though women, and in particular expectant and nursing mothers, often need special or increased intake of food. And too often, child hunger is inherited: a mother who is stunted or underweight due to an inadequate diet often give birth to low birth weight children. The critical link between women’s social status and nutrition The wide differences in women’s nutrition among coun-tries that have similar income levels indicate that some-thing other than income affects women’s nutrition. Re-search indicates that cultural norms about eating and women’s low social status often affect women’s diets. In 2003, India and Bolivia had similar gross national in-comes, but 36 percent of Indian women were under-weight, compared with only 1 percent of Bolivian women.3 2 ADB 2013. 3 Ransom, E. ; Elder, L. (2003) Nutrition of Women and Adolescent Girls: Why It Matters. Population Reference Bureau. [ BRIEF ] Women and Food Security Women face numerous obstacles to access productive inputs, assets to land and services required for rural livelihoods. These include access to fertilizers, livestock, mechanical equipment, improved seed varieties, exten-sion services, agricultural education and credit. Women receive for example only 5 percent of agricultural exten-sion services worldwide. As rural women often spend a large amount of their time on additional household obli-gations they have less time to spend on food production or other income opportunities. Women also have less access to markets than men which hamper their opportu-nities to earn an income even further, and thus their pos-sibilities to be able to buy food. With fewer assets and heavier burdens, women are more vulnerable to shocks and less well positioned to respond to e.g. the effects of climate change or other rapid changes in the environ-ment. Social and economic inequalities between men and women result in less food being produced, less income being earned, and higher levels of poverty and food inse-curity. If women farmers had the same access to re-sources as men, the agricultural yield could increase by 20 to 30 percent. This could raise total agricultural output in developing countries by 2.5 percent, which could re-duce the number of hungry people in the world by 12 to 17 percent. Another emerging challenge in food security and nutri-tion that needs to be addressed is to enhance women and men’s resilience to climate change; e.g. by diversified production as well as strengthened capacity to respond to challenges related to climate change, building on the different needs and coping mechanisms of women, men, boys and girls. Disasters, especially droughts, and emergency situa-tions are the most common causes of food shortages in the world (WFP). In humanitarian contexts discrimina-tion of women and girls may be reinforced, and the oc-currence of domestic violence increase during times of food scarcity. Because of women’s specific roles and experiences in food production and preparation, it is crucial to include them in emergency-related food securi-ty planning and decision making as potential change agents and decision makers, rather than as the â€Å"victims† they often are portrayed to be. Gender dynamics within households must be taken into account in situations of displacement when food aid and other relief items are distributed. This includes men’s and 4 UNDP 2012. 5 FAO 2012. women’s ability to access and equitably distribute relief items within households. Humanitarian interventions that radically alter gender roles, for example by giving women greater control over water and food distribution, may impact power dynamics negatively and can also lead to increased gender-based violence. The four dimension of food security from a gender perspective Availability. Inequalities in ownership of, access to and control of livelihoods assets negatively affect women’s food production and food security. Tenure insecurity for women results in lower investment and potential envi-ronmental degradation. It compromises future production potential and increases food insecurity and reduces women ´s income and the availability of food. Stability. Differences in risk and vulnerability between men and women can affect the stability of their food security in different ways. During times of crisis, women and girls are often forced to reduce their intake in (fa-vour?) of other household members. In cases of crop failure or natural disasters, cultural traditions make it easier for men to leave their farm in search for employ-ment elsewhere, leaving women behind to struggle for feeding their families and making ends meet. Utilization. Women ´s role in food utilization for food security is perhaps the most critical and outweighs the importance of their role in food production and how they spend the income they earn. Women are typically re-sponsible for food preparation and thus are crucial to the dietary diversity of their households. Access. Access to food within the household is deter-mined by cultural practices and power relationships within the family. Although food may be available, adequate amounts to maintain nutritional intake may not necessari-ly be as accessible to women compared to men. Source: FAO (2013): Gender and climate change research in agriculture and food security for rural development. Food security and agricultural programmes can strength-en human rights and be more effective if they also tackle the constraints around women’s access to resources. This is done through addressing the issue of unequal gender roles, responsibilities and workloads. To acknowledge women’s role in food security, contributions are needed at all levels in a variety of result areas. Entry points for Sida can be identified within the following areas: Women’s right to food ? Assure women’s human rights including the rights to education, knowledge and employment and women’s equal rights to land, water and other resources that are necessary for raising the productivity of their agricul-tural activity, food and nutrition security. Promote women’s productive activities by providing trainings, credit and access to improved and appropriate technology to reduce their work load. ? Ensure that women are empowered and trained to exercise their rights and take active participation in decision-making bodies. ? Mother-and-child health and nutrition programmes can break gender barriers in childcare by including men and boys in nutrition and health education activities. Women’s access to land? Contribute to the reforming of laws on tenure, land distribution, land reform and family law, including marital and inheritance laws, to become gender equal. ? Support education and capacity building for govern-ment officials, legislators, and local land officials on gender equality in access to land and property rights. ? Advocate the creation of mechanisms to monitor the enforcement of policies, targets and laws on women’s access and rights to land. ? Promote women’s access and rights to land in custom-ary law e.g. by supporting women’s participation in bodies responsible for interpreting customary law. ? Support awareness-raising and access to information among women regarding land rights, including infor-mation about complaints mechanisms. Women’s equal participation in labour markets ? Support government legislation that guarantees equita-ble employment conditions that protect workers in both formal and informal employment. ? Extend the coverage of social protection to all catego-ries of rural workers and ensure that they incorporate women’s special needs. ? Support policies and investments in labour-saving technologies and support public investments that make it easier for women to participate in the labour market. ? Intensify the provision of better-quality education and vocational training for women. Policy processes and frameworks ? â€Å"The right to adequate food†: 1966 International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights ? Women’s specific role for rural development: 1979 Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW), (Article 14) ? Special attention to the gender gap in nutrition: 1992 The Global Plan of Action on Nutrition of the In-ternational Conference on Nutrition ? Highlight the close interlinkages between gender equality and women’s empowerment: 1992 the Mil-lennium Development Goals (MDGs) ? Emphasize the specific role that women play in food security: 2004 The Voluntary Guidelines to sup-port Member States’ efforts to achieve the progressive realization of the right to adequate food in the context of national food security ? Highlights full and equal participation of men and women for achieving sustainable food security: 2006 World Summit on Food Security and The World Food Summit Plan of Action (e.g. 16, 1.3) ? Gender issues in food security and nutrition: 2012 The First Version of the Global Strategic Framework for Food Security and Nutrition GSF ? Women’s empowerment equality of opportunity: 2012 UN Secretary General â€Å"Zero hunger Challenge† ? The importance of empowering rural women as critical agents: 2012 Rio +20 Outcome Document ? Food insecurity indicator allowing disparities in food access based on e.g. gender: 2013 FAO’s Voices of the Hungry ? Support women’s engagement in producer organisa-tions, cooperatives, labour unions, outgrow schemes etc. to strengthen women’s voice and decision-making power. ? Support women’s groups and other forms of collective action that builds relations and networks addressing gender gaps by reducing transaction costs, pooling risks, developing skills and building confidence. Women’s access to financial services ? Improve financial systems and services, e.g. loans and insurances, to respond to the needs and constraints of women producers and entrepreneurs. ? Ensure that women are being consulted and included in discussions, decision-making, planning and provi-sion of financial services. Support financial institutions, governments and NGOs to offer financial literacy training to ensure that wom-en can make informed financial decisions. ? Promote technological innovations, such as prepaid cards and mobile phone plans for making loan pay-ments and transfer cash, to facilitate for women to gain access to capital. Women’s access to technology ? Promote productivity enhancing agricultural tech-niques, including machines and tools, improved plant varieties and animal breeds, fertilizers, pest control measures and management techniques that address women ´s needs. ? Invest in labour-saving and productivity enhancing technologies and infrastructure, e.g. water sources in villages, fuel efficient stoves, and roads, to free wom-en ´s time for more productive activities. Promote women’s training on farming adaptation techniques such as rainwater harvesting and agrofor-estry, and on agricultural diversification to increase their resilience. ? Promote extension services that are more gender-responsive, i.e. considering all the roles of women and are closely linked to women’s activities. Support participatory gender-inclusive research and technology development programmes. Example of indicators ? Share of population (women/men) in targeted areas suffering from starvation (impact level indicator, measures effect on target group) ? Proportion of population (women/men/girls/boys) below minimum level of dietary energy consump-tion (impact level indicator, measures effect on target group) ? A monitoring system providing food-security data disaggregated by sex, geographic location (or oth-er as relevant in the specific context) in use (out-come level indicator, measures capacity development) ? Share of women and men using agricultural exten-sion services (output level indicator, measures ca-pacity development) Gender mainstreaming in humanitarian assis-tance ? Collect sex-disaggregated data for planning, imple-mentation and evaluation of food aid. Ensure that women and men take part equally in deci-sion-making, planning, implementation and manage-ment of food aid programmes. ? Design services to reduce women ´s and children’s time spent getting to, and from food distribution points. ? Ensure that women’s access to services is routinely monitored through observations and discussions with affected communities. Asian Development Bank (2013) FAO (2013): Gen-der Equality and Food Security – Women’s empower-ment as a tool against hunger, FAO (2013): Training Guide: Gender and climate change research in agriculture and food security FAO (2012): Global Strategic Framework for Food Se-curity and Nutrition FAO (2011): The state of Food and Agriculture – Wom-en in agriculture Gender in agriculture: Platform for knowledge sharing Global Gender ; Climate Alliance and UNDP (2012): Gender, agriculture and food security IFAD, FAO ; WB (2009): Gender in Agriculture Sourcebook IFPRI, 2012 Global Food Policy Report, chapter 4: Closing the Gender Gap IASC (2006): Gender Handbook in Humanitarian Action World Bank (2012): World Development Report on Gender Equality and Development World Food Program: Causes to hunger ; the Zero Hunger Challenge UN Human Rights Council (2010): HRC’s Advisory Committee on discrimination in the context of the right to food How to cite Women and Food Security, Papers

International Trade Law Essays - International Trade,

Introduction International trade law covers various scope of activities related with agreement for sales of goods, the terms of goods carriage, quantity and quality, insurance, and intellectual property issue. Breaking out international trade law phrase into parts, ?inter? is Latin for between, ?national? is nations, ?trade? is the exchange of goods, services, and technology for profit, and ?law? is the regulation of conduct. Therefore it can be defined as the regulation of the conduct of parties involved in the exchange of goods, services and technology between nations. Commonly international trade law can be described into two, that?s ?public? and ?private?. Public international trade law is the regulation of conduct within nations about commerce. Here, ?States? is used to refer to the national governments rather than the ?governments? itself, because some governments will change and the new one will not be recognized internationally. While, private international trade law is the regulation of conduct which happened between private traders in different States. It generally does not include the trade activities of individual consumers, but there has been a shift in perception. Modern development have make the public and private international trade law has less meaning, where, for an example a World Trade Organization (WTO) agreement is public issue but it is also can be translates into private issues such as tariffs, dumping and taxes. In old times, the division also did not reflect the reality of it existence since it is masked by the government?s involvement. They used the regulation of immunity to protect their own trading position. Sources of International Trade Law Agreements between States It?s known as treaties between States and the closest international equivalent to legislation in domestic legal systems. Treaties involved more than one State, means between two States, or multiple meaning between many States. Multiple treaties are developed mostly through international organizations such as the United Nations (UN). Previously decided cases and academic writings When a doctrine have uncertainty which was not written but if it is consistent with the objective of interpretation to previous decisions, it can be taken into account. Previous arbitral awards and judicial decisions will be considered by arbitrators and national courts. Besides, leading academics writings is also considered as importance since it is a form of expert commentary of the state on which the law was used in a certain area. Agreement between traders The traders should be free to contract on their own conditions and to decide how disputes between them should be settled and according to what law. This principled is considered very important in the international trade. However, the application must be somewhat restricted because any contract of sale, regardless of its terms, cannot exist independently without national law. Therefore, the way governing law is to see whether a breach has occurred and determining the parties? risks. The course of past dealings between traders can also result in terms of becoming part of the agreement between them, besides, the contractual terms agreed. These past dealings can be applied to the contractual relationship despite their not being incorporated into it in written form. If there is an agreement of contract was made over the telephone with no reference to the standard conditions, it is shown that it was in the reasonable contemplation of the parties that the contract content has the standard conditions in the same way as in the other contracts, which contracts form a course of dealings between the parties. Domestic law If particular issue cannot be settled by the international organization, where there is no generally recognized practice or principle, or do not have a specific term in the trade contract, domestic law will be applicable. For example in Clark King & Co Pty Ltd v Australian Wheat Board (1978), (Sanson, 2002) where wheat growers argued that the monopoly of the Wheat Board was no reliable. The state laws of procedure may apply to regulate this conduct since the State court has the power to order a freeze on the sale of goods, this can be used notwithstanding the fact that the sale is ruled by an international organization. Dominant commercial organizations Multinational companies normally, who have a significant hold on the market for a particular product, commodity or service, will have a large say in how the market operates and under what conditions. This